一、分析文章的结构规律
一般来说,我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同,其结构特点就会各异。因此,我们获取信息的最有效方法之一就是去学习和了解文章的结构,以便更加准确、快速地定位我们要找的信息。
大学英语六级考试中的阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类:叙述文、说明文和议论文。下面我们结合六级考试真题来具体说明如何利用文章的结构特点来达到阅读的目的。
1、叙述文
叙述文一般以讲述某一行为(行动)或事件为主,但是六级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文,因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以六级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章,并且这类文章的基本结构模式是:
提出主题:用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的话题或通过事例要表达的观点。
具体事例:
事例 1
事例 2
……
总结或结论:
1995年1月六级考试阅读理解的第二篇就是这样的结构。我们可以将其结构简化为:
Marketers in the competitive environment have to make a judgment as to their competitor‘s role when making marketing strategy decisions.(总括性的话, 接下来是讲Apple Computer Inc.要推出新产品的事例)
Apple‘s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier models. (事例1)
The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they also cost much more. (事例2)
In the future, there will probably be more compatibility between Apple‘s and IBM‘s products, which no doubt will require both of the two companies change marketing strategies.(结论)
只要理解了这类文章的结构特点解答问题就相当简单,因为这类文章后的阅读理解试题大多是和文章的内容先后顺序一致的,并且细节题居多的试题。
2、说明文(描述文)
说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处,即: 提出问题(或以一个事例引出问题)--(专家)发现直接原因--分析深层原因--得出结论或找到出路。
1996年1月六级考试阅读理解第四篇就是这样的一篇文章。
提出问题:Vidoe recorders and photocopies, even ticket machines on the railways, often seem unnecessarily difficult to use.(具体事例为Last December I bought…)
分析原因(直接原因):
Firstly, the problems are not obvious to the designers.
Secondly, there are too many features in a machine.
Thirdly, it is too late for people find the products difficult to use when they are finished.
Finally, the manufacturers do not have the motivation to improve their for the convenience of the customers when the products sell well.
深层原因:Some manufactures say they concentrate on providing a wide range of features rather than on making the machines easy to use. It is not true.
得出结论:Good design practice is a mixture of specific procedures and general principles.
知道了类似的文章结构特点,就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如,我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型,就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因,还有可能要出现推断题。
3、议论文
我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张--反主张模式。在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点(观点下面往往列举出事实或事例),然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张或观点,或者说提出反主张或真实情况。
1995年6月大学英语六级考试阅读理解第二篇就是这样的结构。
文章的开始提出:Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. (下面是instances to illustrate this point )
作者的反观点是:In the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
论据是: